2017年1月末、アメリカのトランプ大統領は移民に関する３つの大統領令を発した。イスラム教圏７か国からの人々の入国を90日間禁じ、全ての難民認定を120日間差し止め、シリアからの難民については無期限に制限するものである[1]。この入国禁止の対象はすでに合法的にアメリカの永住権を得ており、一時的に国外にいた人々も含まれている[2]。大統領令は、国内の十分な調査や事前の周知がないまま性急に発令されたため、少なくとも109人が空港で拘留され、そのうち何人かは強制送還されるという事態を招いた[3]。
ヒューマンライツ・ナウは、これらの大統領令が国際人権法上保障されたいくつもの基本的人権を侵害していることを懸念する。まず、何人も人種、国籍、宗教を理由に差別をされないとして、国家による差別の禁止を定めた世界人権宣言第7条でうたわれているに違反している。
また、アメリカも批准している「あらゆる形態の人種差別の撤廃に関する国際条約」は、移民政策に関して国籍で差別することを禁じており、第1条3項と第2条（ｃ）で「人種差別を生じさせ又は永続化させる効果を有するいかなる法令」もここでの「差別」に含まれるとしている[4]。
大統領令は文言上、差別的にみえないような試みをしているものの、トランプ大統領によって発せられた様々な発言を見る限り、大統領令は７か国のイスラム教徒という特定の人の属性を敵視し、アメリカへの入国や難民の地位に関して意図的に差別する明確な意図に基づくものである。例えば、トランプ大統領は、「イスラム教徒に対してアメリカの国境を封鎖する」[5] ことを選挙公約としてきたし、、大統領令を発した後のインタビューでは、難民審査ではイスラム教徒よりキリスト教徒に優先するというあからさまな発言[6]をしているのである。
これらの大統領令は難民の地位や拷問の危険性を考慮することなく、７か国すべての人々の入国を制限するもので、「拷問等禁止条約」、「1951年難民の地位に関する条約」についての「1967年議定書」に基づくアメリカの条約上の義務に違反している。アメリカは、「拷問禁止条約」締結国として、自国民でない者を、生命や拷問に直面する国に送還しない、ノン・ルフールマン原則[7] として知られる義務を負っている。またアメリカは難民条約の加盟国として、自国内にいる難民申請者の難民申請を受け付け、迫害や拷問の恐れがある人々を送還しない義務を負う[8]。
差別の禁止、難民の保護、ノン・ルフールマンの原則は、国際法上最も基本的な権利であり、すべての国家が遵守すべき義務である。
ヒューマンライツ・ナウは移民に関する大統領令が基本的な人権を侵害していることに深刻な懸念を表明する。トランプ政権がこれらの大統領令、または人権侵害に該当する部分を即時廃止するよう強く求める。
[1] “Enhancing Public Safety” and “Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements” were signed on 25 Jan. 2017, “Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States” was signed on 27 Jan., https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/executive-orders.
[2] Krishnadev Calamur, “What Trump’s Executive Order on Immigration Does–and Doesn’t Do”, The Atlantic, 30 Jan. 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2017/01/trump-immigration-order-muslims/514844/
[3] Evan Perez, Pamela Brown, and Kevin Liptak, “Inside the Confusion of the Trump Executive Order and Travel Ban”, CNN, 30 Jan. 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/28/politics/donald-trump-travel-ban/; Joanna Walters, “Trump’s Travel Ban: Stories of Those Who Were Detained This Weekend”, The Guardian, 31 Jan. 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/31/people-detained-airports-trump-travel-ban.
[4] International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), 660 UNTS 195, 4 Jan. 1969, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx.
[5] Jenna Johnson, “Trump Calls for ‘Total and Complete Shutdown of Muslims Entering the United States”, The Washington Post, 7 Dec. 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-the-united-states/?utm_term=.17d94a668ff1.
[6] International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), 660 UNTS 195, 4 Jan. 1969, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx.
[7] Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), 1465 UNTS 85, 26 June 1987, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx.
[8] Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention), 189 UNTS 137, 4 Oct. 1967, http://www.unhcr.org/protection/basic/3b66c2aa10/convention-protocol-relating-status-refugees.html.
【英語版】
Human Rights Now—Statement against President Trump’s Immigration Orders
10 February, 2017
In late January, United States President Trump issued three executive orders on immigration, including one specifically prohibiting nationals of seven Muslim-majority countries from entering the US for 90 days and restricting all refugee admissions for 120 days, and Syrian refugees indefinitely.[1] This includes persons who are lawful permanent residents of the US who have been temporarily outside the US.[2]The orders were hastily issued without internal vetting or public warning, leading to the unexpected detention of at least 109 people arriving in airports at the time covered by the order and the deportation of some of them.[3]
Human Rights Now finds that these orders violate multiple fundamental international human rights. First, they violate the non-discrimination duty of states, enshrined in Article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, not to discriminate against persons for reasons of race, nationality, or religion. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), to which the US is a party, explicitly prohibits discrimination based on nationality with regards to immigration policy under Article 1(3), and Article 2(c) notes that the discrimination may include “any laws … which have the effect of creating or perpetuating racial discrimination”.[4]
While the orders make a weak attempt to appear non-discriminatory in word, numerous statements made by President Trump indicate that, in practice, the orders are motivated by an animus against a specific category of persons, Muslims from the listed countries, and have the intention to discriminate them with regards to entry and refugee status. This includes President
Trump’s campaign promise of a “total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States”[5]and explicit statements that the order prioritizes Christian over Muslims refugees in an interview following its passage.[6]
The orders, by their blanket restriction of all persons from the listed states regardless of their refugee status or risk of torture, also violate the US’s obligations under the Convention Against Torture (CAT) and the 1967 Protocol to the 1951 Refugee Convention. As a state party of CAT, the US has a duty to not return a noncitizen to a country where he or she faces torture or persecution, known as the duty of non-refoulement.[7 ]And as a member of the Refugee Convention’s Protocol, the US is obligated comply with its objective and purpose, which include duties to accept applications for asylum of persons found in its territory and not return persons to states where they will face persecution or torture.[8]
The duties of non-discrimination, protection of refugees, and non-refoulement are among the most fundamental rights in international human rights law and are the duty of all states to uphold. Human Rights Now is gravely concerned that the immigration executive orders violates all of these fundamental rights and strongly calls on the Trump administration to immediately revoke the recent executive orders, or any part of them, which violates these rights.
[1] “Enhancing Public Safety” and “Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements” were signed on 25 Jan. 2017, “Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States” was signed on 27 Jan., https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/executive-orders.
[2] Krishnadev Calamur, “What Trump’s Executive Order on Immigration Does–and Doesn’t Do”, The Atlantic, 30 Jan. 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2017/01/trump-immigration-order-muslims/514844/
[3] Evan Perez, Pamela Brown, and Kevin Liptak, “Inside the Confusion of the Trump Executive Order and Travel Ban”, CNN, 30 Jan. 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/28/politics/donald-trump-travel-ban/; Joanna Walters, “Trump’s Travel Ban: Stories of Those Who Were Detained This Weekend”, The Guardian, 31 Jan. 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/31/people-detained-airports-trump-travel-ban.
[4] International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), 660 UNTS 195, 4 Jan. 1969, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx.
[5] Jenna Johnson, “Trump Calls for ‘Total and Complete Shutdown of Muslims Entering the United States”, The Washington Post, 7 Dec. 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-the-united-states/?utm_term=.17d94a668ff1.
[6] See “Brody File Exclusive: President Trump Says Persecuted Christians Will Be Given Priority as Refugees”, CBN NEWS, 27 Jan. 2017, http://www1.cbn.com/thebrodyfile/archive/2017/01/27/brody-file-exclusive-president-trump-says-persecuted-christians-will-be-given-priority-as-refugees.
[7] Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), 1465 UNTS 85, 26 June 1987, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx.
[8] Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention), 189 UNTS 137, 4 Oct. 1967, http://www.unhcr.org/protection/basic/3b66c2aa10/convention-protocol-relating-status-refugees.html.
